1. Facial Vascular Anatomy and Danger Zones Review the anastomotic pathways of the facial, angular, dorsal nasal, and ophthalmic arteries. Map high-risk injection sites—glabella, nose, nasolabial fold, and temple—and explain the mechanism by which filler material travels retrograde into the ophthalmic artery.
2. The Importance of Ultrasound Image Guidance
Discuss the limitations of blind injection, then demonstrate real-time vessel localization with high-frequency ultrasound: identifying tissue planes and needle-tip position, and using Doppler to confirm blood flow. Emphasize how image guidance reduces the risk of intravascular injection at its source.
3. Principles of Managing Vascular Occlusion
Cover high-dose pulsed hyaluronidase dissolution protocols for HA fillers, considerations for local and retrobulbar injection, adjunctive measures (warm compression, massage, anticoagulation, hyperbaric oxygen), and emergency referral and multidisciplinary pathways for ophthalmic artery stroke.